Narni Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Limited [1998] VSC 146 Essay

Narni Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Limited [1998] VSC 146 - Essay Example The conduct of National Australia Bank Limited clearly shown there was an agreement to exceed the overdraft Limit hence creating an implied term in the contract which barred the bank from terminating the extended overdraft limit without a notice. Narni suffered losses from the dishonor of the cheques hence had to sue the bank for damages. Implied term of arrangement and why significant for Narni and banker- customer relationships According to the agreement made between the bank and Narni, overdraft limit was $ 65,000 hence honoring $ 40,000 would exceed the approved limit. However, their October 1988 agreement provided for provision of finance for the renovations which were being carried out by Carrum Nursing Home and at the same time the bank would continue honouring the cheques notwithstanding the approved limit of $ 65,000. By the implied conduct of the two parties, the approved limit was varied to $ 100,000 hence creating an â€Å"overdraft extension†. At the end of 1988, all assets of Narni had been financed by loans to the total of $ 896,165 hence Narni was responsible for making $ 66, 718 per annum installments as payments for the loan. Majority of the income also came from Federal Department of Health and Community services (DCS) as advance payments at the beginning of each month. The total income of 1988 stood at $ 225 M where patient contributions were below $ 400, 000 with majority of the income being advance payments by DCS at the rate of $ 150,000 per month. From the account transactions history, the account always had a credit balance at the beginning of each month and a debit balance at the end of the month. DCS would pay between $ 90,000 to $ 124,000 as initial payment to the account and another final payment after two weeks which made that the balance would be above the extended overdraft limit of $ 100,000. However, withdrawals would occur evenly throughout the month with majority being wage payments which accounted for 62%of expenses w hich translates to $ 1.4 M which was paid after every two weeks. In some months, wages would amount to $ 120,000. The Branch manager would approve overdraft facilities depending on the account balances of the account. Below is a summary of the account balance for the six months from January to June 1988. Month Start Balance Zero Balance Date End Balance January 1988 $99,716.09 CR (5/1) 20 $24,669.34 DR (1/2) February 1988 $66,069.68 CR (2/2) 19 $47,512.02 DR (1/3) March 1988 $59,282.35 CR (2/3) 17 $69,168.08 DR (6/4) April 1988 $26,683.13 CR (7/4) 14 $94,162.28 DR (3/5) May 1988 $1,533.12 DR (4/5) 2 $87,897.80 DR (1/6) June 1988 $7,016.25 CR (2/6) 10 $71,675.53 DR (1/7) From the account balance figures, extended credit facility was provided in every month while payments in to the account from DCS delayed were delayed in some months meaning the account would still have a debit balance at the beginning of the month and an overdraft would still be approved. In July 1988, the same trend continued with automatic payments from DCS of $ 109, 608 leading to account credit balance of $ 29, 582. From the transactions of July 1988, the end of the month account balance was overdrawn. The account reflected a debit balance at the start of August 1988 but it was reduced by a deposit of $ 85, 671 to settle to a debit of only $ 1,375. In September, the account was overdrawn to a

You may pick one to use Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You may pick one to use - Research Paper Example The financial position of the organization will dictate whether it is capable of handling the implementation of the given project or if not. It may also find sponsors to grant finances towards the project. Technical feasibility is defined by the organizations ability to hire proper technology and experienced human labor for the development process. The analysis phase of the project helps establish the reasons as to why a new system is needed. It involves specifying what kind of system is to be built. This can be done by identifying the problems facing the organization and then coming up with a system to solve them. (Stuart , 1994). An example is a school that has observed increased demand for its library services from its students. The school may decide to create an online system which will ease the congestion at the library and consequently reduce the librarian’s workload. It may decide to put up an online virtual library where students can read soft copy library materials, reserve library books to borrow later and also extend the loan period of a book. The design phase helps determine how the system is to be built and what technology will be used. For an online system, server technology is employed; this will enable users’ access through a network. A database will also come in handy to save user records and the materials they can access online. For a virtual online library, the database may store the library users’ login and usage information. In addition softcopy materials such as pdf books and magazines can be downloaded from it. System modeling is also done during design. A system model helps the designer visualize the system in a simplified manner. It acts as a template of the system and helps to bring out the specifications of the system. The model will be used to ensure all the sub-systems are interconnected in a logical

Prevalence Of Haemonchus Contortus Biology Essay

Prevalence Of Haemonchus Contortus Biology Essay Some house holds in cities depend on livestock keeping as a source of livelihood. Most urban farmers have resorted to keeping animals which require less space for example small ruminants since land in urban areas is a scarce resource. Uganda has a total of 5.2 million goats according to a report by the Uganda bureau of statistics. In mukono district, 2.9% of the agricultural households rear sheep and the total number of sheep reared is 4,530. Out of 100 households,44.22 of them rear 1 sheep, 47.99 rear 2-4 sheep, 5.78 rear 5-9 sheep, 1.55 rear 10-19 sheep, 0.42 rear 20-49 sheep and 0.04 rear 50-99 sheep.(UBOS report). 19.5% of the agricultural households rear goats and the total number of goats reared are 59,598. out of every 100 households,30.58 rear 1 goat, 57.85 rear 2-4 goats, 9.83 rear 5-9 goats, 1.38 rear10-19 goats, 0.28 rear 20-49 goats and 0.08 rear 50-99 goats .(UBOS report). Goats and sheep have numerous helminthes parasites, many of which are shared by both species. The most important include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT In Mukono abattoir the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus  (barber pole worm) in the goats and sheep slaughtered is not known yet these parasites affect the quality of meat. These parasites cause diseases and lead to emaciation of the animals thus affecting the quality of the meat. The parasites also cause economic loss to the farmers since an animal in poor health condition will fetch a small amount of money. 1.2 JUSTIFICATION Because Haemonchus contortus  (barber pole worms) cause diseases in goats and sheep, in order to effectively control these diseases it is of utmost importance to have a record on the prevalence of the parasite. Surveys in abattoirs are an excellent means of knowing the causes of prevalent ruminant diseases in an area. (Adoun., 2012) 1.3 OBJECTIVES 1.3.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep slaughtered in the abattoir and how it can be controlled. 1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To know the prevalence of barber pole worms in goats To know the prevalence of barber pole worms in sheep 1.4 HYPOTHESIS The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep in mukono abattoir is not high. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep Gastrointestinal nematodes, commonly known as worms, present the greatest danger to the goat and industry .Haemonchus contortus, commonly referred to as the barber pole worm, is a clinical problem for goats sheep. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) It gets its name due to the barber pole appearance consisting of the white ovaries that twist around the red blood filled gut.( Jim Miller  .,2000) Haemonchus contortus  is cylindrically shaped, tapered at both ends, and has a complete digestive system. This voracious bloodsucking parasite causes anaemia and bottle jaw and has a tremendous capacity to reproduce through egg-laying. (Lynn Pezzanite et al.,) The larvae and the adults cause small haemorrhages at sites of the abomasal mucosa where they feed. The ingesta may be reddish brown and fluid. Worms may either be attached to the mucosa or free in the lumen. (Love and Hutchinson.,2003) Anemia, low packed cell volume (PCV), diarrhea, dehydration, peripheral, and internal fluid accumulation are common signs of barber pole worm infestation. Infested goats and sheep have lower growth rates, reduced reproductive performance, and are susceptible to diseases that eventually lead to death.  Haemonchus contortus  may consequently account for a great reduction of profits in small ruminant operation. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) 2.2 Distribution the occurrence and prevalence of barber pole worms is determined by the climatic conditions of the area. The development of eggs and larvae is limited to areas and seasons where pastures are moist during the warm months of the year. However, the larvae can survive on pasture for some time, particularly during cool conditions, and can affect sheep outside the favorable periods for development. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) 2.3 Factors that contribute to barber pole worm infestation in goats Environment with high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall Genetic make-up of goats makes them highly susceptible Resistance to anthelmintics as a result of excessive usage 2.4 Life cycle The worms occur in the abomasum or fourth stomach of sheep and goats. They are up to 3 cm long. The life cycle is typical of roundworms of sheep. Adult worms lay about 5000 eggs which pass out in the faeces of the host. Barbers pole worms are the highest egg producers of all sheep worms. The eggs hatch within a few days, and microscopic larvae emerge. They migrate on to the pasture, where they may be ingested with the herbage grazed by sheep. In the sheeps gut, larvae develop to adult worms in about three weeks. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) If the worm enters the survival stage of arrested development, it could survive for months. Arrested development involves the larvae remaining in the abomasums of the animal without maturing until months afterwards. This allows the worm to survive the winter months when the egg and larvae do not thrive well on the ground. The survivability of the free-living stage of H. contortus is short; in fact, most infective larvae vanish from the pasture within 4-6 weeks in a wet tropical environment (Waller, 2004). 2.5 Signs of the barber pole worm infestation in goats and sheep Diarrhea Dehydration Unthrift appearance, rough hair coat, depression, low energy, and lethargy. Significantly reduced growth and reproductive performance Fluid accumulation in sub-mandibular tissues (bottle jaw), abdomen, thoracic cavity, and gut wall Blood loss, white mucous membranes, and anemia. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) 2.6 Effects of barber pole infestation in goats and sheep Haemonchus  suck blood from the lining of the stomach, causing anaemia. Animals with heavy infections of  Haemonchus  lack stamina, have pale gums and conjunctiva, and may also have bottle-jaw or constipation. Sheep and goats with lighter burdens have a gradual onset of weight loss and loss of colour in the gums and conjunctiva If present in large numbers,  Haemochus  can kill goats and sheep. In these animals large, red masses of worms are clearly visible in the stomach. The stomach contents are often brown because of bleeding from the stomach lining and the lining has pin-point blood spots on it. The blood of the goats and sheep is watery due to anaemia. In animals with lighter infections worms are present in the stomach, but the lining of the stomach looks normal. 2.7 Risk factors for Haemonchosis in goats and sheep The likelihood of haemonchosis outbreaks is extremely difficult to predict, and varies from one year to the next. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) The risk factors include; 2.7.1 History of occurrence The best guide to the likelihood of an outbreak is the previous history of haemonchosis on the individual farm or in the district, and how this varies with seasonal conditions. 2.7.2 Weather and season Barbers pole worm larvae need warm conditions and moisture on the ground to develop. The risk of haemonchosis outbreaks is increased in tropical weathers. 2.7.3 Pastures Barbers pole worm can survive where pasture remains green over summer. Typical situations include perennial pastures and areas of moisture along creeks and around troughs and seepage points. Irrigated pastures pose an especially high risk. 2.7.4 Type of animal Sheep and goats with a low or impaired immunity to worms have a greater risk of haemonchosis. This includes lambs and kids for two to three months after lambing. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) 2.8 Management practices that can be used to control barber pole populations in goats and sheep Avoid grazing goats and sheep on less than 3 inches of pasture canopy. Larvae are unable to climb higher than this on the grass and thus will not be ingested. Increase use of browse in grazing systems. Parasite larvae cannot climb up onto browse so goats dont ingest them. Rotate species on pastures. For example graze cattle or horses behind goats and sheep. Because parasites are species specific, when a cow or horse ingests a goat parasite it simply dies without causing damage. Do not feed on the ground. Elevated feeders help to eliminate fecal contamination and thus parasite transmission. Make sure that water and mineral sources are not contaminated with feces. Allow pastures to rest for at least one year before allowing animals back on them. Larvae will have a hard time surviving that long without a host and therefore the pasture will be relatively worm-free. Utilize annual forages in your pasture systems and till the ground between crops. The act of plowing tends to kill or disrupt the larvae and eggs, reducing transmission. Additionally, annual forages tend to do best when grazed at higher levels (4 to 6 inches of canopy). (Jackie Nix., 2006) Control programmes for Haemonchus contortus in goats and sheep Prevention, rather than cure, is the philosophy used in developing control programs against gastrointestinal nematodes. It must be assumed that worms cannot be eradicated but may be limited to the extent that they will not cause serious economic loss to the producer. A combination of treatment and management are necessary to achieve control. Several approaches to the use of anthelmintics are considered. (Thomas M. Craig., 1999) Strategic The strategic approach is the use of an anthelmintic at a time when most of the total worm population is within the host and not on the pasture. This approach can be used when the animals are moved from a contaminated pasture to a nearly parasite free pasture. Tactical When weather conditions have been favorable for the transmission of, eliminating worms from the gastrointestinal tract before they have the opportunity to reproduce and further contaminate the environment is a tactical approach. The timing of tactical deworming may be based on recent rain or it may be based on increasing fecal egg counts. Individual Treatment of wormy individuals may prove to be a worthwhile endeavor especially where resistance to anthelmintics is widespread. Individuals in a flock will have a higher egg excretion count than the average. This over-distribution of the parasite population can be lessened by the selective treatment of wormy individuals or by the removal of these individuals from the flock. Salvage Salvage (treatment to save lives, not control parasites) is why anthelmintics are frequently used in small ruminants. This is treatment in the face of disease; the animals are frequently anemic, have bottle jaw or diarrhea due to the effects of worms. Whatever the case, animals may be in desperate straits and even if they have the genetic ability to resist worms, they will be overwhelmed. Although anthelmintics may remove thousands of worms from each of the treated animals, the pastures from which they came have billions of larvae awaiting ingestion. Under these circumstances, treatments at 2 to 3 week intervals may have to be practiced until weather conditions are no longer favorable for transmission. Pasture Rotation Pasture rotation may decrease parasite numbers in deferred grazing systems where a pasture is rested for at least 6 months during the cool or 3 months during the warm part of the year. (Thomas M. Craig., 1999) Small ruminant production in Uganda There are about 400 million goats in the world, with Africa accounting for 67%. In East Africa, Kenya has a goat population of 6.4 million, Tanzania 4.3 million and Uganda 3.9 million. One method of increasing the number of goats and sheep is to select for twinning traits within a population. The twinning rate of East African goats is 30% and triplets occur at the frequency of 2%. Goats have a unique feeding characteristic of browsing which accounts for 60% while the grazing preference is only 40%. Goats and sheep make an important contribution to the subsistence subsector of the economy of Uganda and, indeed, of many countries in Africa. Over one million goats and sheep are slaughtered and consumed annually for meat. The skins contribute substantially to foreign exchange earnings as well as permitting import substitution for use in the local tannery and leather craft industry of Uganda. Locally the skins are used extensively in traditional techno culture. They are used notably in the making of mats, covering handles of tools (knives, dancing costumes, ropes, drums and shields) and covering ornamental articles. Footwear, strings and specific musical instruments are also made from skins. Exotic goats of the Toggenburg and Anglo-Nubian breeds were imported to Uganda for cross-breeding with local goats with a view to enhancing milk yield and meat production in the offspring. In the early 1960s exotic wool sheep were introduced into Uganda and were bred on Government farms with the objective of assessing their ability to survive, reproduce and produce wool and meat in Ugandas climatic, technical and management environment. Exotic sheep, goats and their crosses with indigenous stock are more susceptible to helminth infection than the local breeds. Therefore every care should be taken to institute an effective regime of preventive measures comprising adequate rotational systems of grazing coupled with strategic prophylactic cover and all reinforced by regular chemotherapeutic preventive treatments. (Nsubuga) Breeds of goats In Uganda there are three distinct breeds of goat reared for meat production. The commonest type is the smallest of the three and can be described as the Small East African (SEA). Its mature live weight is 20-25 kg. It occurs extensively in northern and eastern short savannah ecological areas and the drier areas of Buganda in the northern parts of Luwero and Mukono districts (Buruli, Bulemezi and Bugerere). The second type is described as the Mubende goat. This is a large animal of 30-35 kg live weight. It is renowned for its popular skin on the international market. The skin is called Kampala skin in trade circles. This breed is concentrated in the Mubende District. The third type falls in between the first two in live weight, 25-30 kg. Its typical ecological niche is in Kabale, Kisoro and Rukungiri in Kigezi District. It is referred to as the Kigezi goat. (Nsubuga) CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study area Mukono abattoir is located in Kyetume Mukono district. 3.2 Study Population and Sampling Technique: The study populations will be sheep and goats of different ages and body conditions brought from different parts of the country to the abattoir for the purpose of meat production. Simple random sampling method will be used to select the study units. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012 3.3 Study Type and Sample Size Determination: A cross sectional study will be used to determine the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infestation in sheep and goats slaughtered at Mukono abattoir in 2012. To calculate the total sample size, the following parameters will be used: 95% level of confidence (CL), 5% desired level of precision and with the assumption of 50% expected prevalence of barber pole worms, the sample size will be determined using the formula given in Thrusfield. n =1.96 Pexp (1-Pexp) d2 n = required sample size Pexp = expected prevalence, d = desired absolute precision Therefore, based on the above formula the total number of sheep and goats will be calculated. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012) 3.4 Study Methodology 3.4.1 Study animals The study will be carried out on 400 sheep and adult goats of four breeds from various regions of mukono district. (Gorski et al., 2004) 3.4.2 Post Mortem Examination: The abomasum of slaughtered animals which will be selected to be sampled will be inspected for the presence of barber pole worms. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012) 3.5 Data Analysis: Percentages to measure prevalence and Chi-Square (x2) test will be employed to measure association between the parasitism and species of the animals, age, origin and body condition. The worms will be estimated as mean number of worms with respective standard deviation of mean and range (Maximum- Minimum worm) in each species. The data will be analyzed using statistical packages MINTAB software Version 16 and SPSS for windows. In all analyses, Confidence level will be held at 95 % and P

Drinking, Driving,parties, And Commonsensical Solutions Essay -- Drunk

Drinking and driving is the number one killer of teenagers in America. Because of it, the teenage group is the only age group who’s number of deaths are increasing instead of decreasing. Outright denying teens of alcohol doesn’t work. That just makes young adults want alcohol even more. What’s sad about drinking under the influence cases is that every one of them could have been easily prevented. So, if you cannot deny adolescences of alcohol, why not just educate them on simple precautions that can be taken to prevent drinking and driving.One of the best and oldest ways to stop drinking under the influence is having a designated driver. It’s not a hard thing to do. Just asking someone responsible to accompany you to a party (or whatever it may be) in which you know there will be alcohol. If you don’t know if there will be alcoholic beverages served, take a responsible friend anyway just to make sure.Another good way to keep yourself from being a DUI case is to clear out your car of anything distracting. When you’re drunk, simple things can give you an incredible amount of entertainment. So, clean out your car from fuzzy dice, cellular phones, anything that can distract you. Studies show that just by doing this, your chance of having an accident can be decreased by over 25%. So, you’re already at the party and drinking beer. What can you do? For starters, you can try eating high protein food like meat, cheese, and peanuts. Foods that are rich in protein can help absorb...

The Cunning of Iago in Othello

So Iago is this extremely interesting, cunning, evil character. But over all of these trait’s Iago’s jealousy is what drives him to scheme and plot to take down othello and weave his elaborate web of destruction. Does anyone know exactly when in the play does Iago’s intense jealousy come into play? In the very 1st act scene one iago and roderigo are arguing in the streets and iago starts to rant about his hatred for Othello and how Othello passed him up over cassio for promotion to ancient.Iago had an enormous amount of battle experience, experience that Othello has witnessed firsthand â€Å"And I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof At Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christian and heathen, must be belee’d and calmed† while cassio has no battle experience and only knows the theory of leading men into battle, â€Å"I have already chose my officer. And what was he? Forsooth, a great arithmetician,One Michael Cassio, a Florentine(A fellow almo st damned in a fair wife)That never set a squadron in the field,Nor the division of a battle knows More than a spinster—unless the bookish theoric, Wherein the toged consuls can propose As masterly as he. Mere prattle without practice is all his soldiership.But he, sir, had th' election he has no clue how to put into practice this theory and is therefore unqualified according to iago. Later on in the play iago shows his jealousy of Othello because Othello is rumored to have slept with his wife toIago becomes jealous of cassio getting the promotion over him so he devises a plot to get revenge.

Behavioural based safety strategy

Abstract Behavioural Based Safety, or BBS, has become a topic of substantial debate as the issue has been linked to performance.This dissertation examines the modern development of the BBS philosophy in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the concept. The evidence presented illustrates 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundEmployee injuries have significant impact on organisations as a whole; for example, reputation, stakeholder expectations, financial implications and legislative (Orr, 2008). Organisations therefore have to look increasingly at more effective measures to control or eradicate such events. To this end historically many organisations have looked to the development and implementation of formal safety management systems in order to address this issue. Safety management systems are a formal and prescribed means of managing organisational safety and improving performance (Agnew et al, 2012). The safety management systems currently implemented within organisations generally are centred on policies, procedures, objectives, processes such as risk assessment, hazard identification the use of various safety tools such as JSA’s and the wearing of personal protective equipment, or PPE, and focus on measuring compliance against key targets and objectives. This diss ertation examines how Behaviour Based Safety, or BBS, aids in the drive to prevent accidents and boost overall employee development (Lebbon, Sigurdsson and Austin, 2012). Qatar holds the position of second smallest country in the Arabian Peninsula after the island state of Bahrain. Qatar’s population currently stands at 2.04 million of Development Planning and Statistics, 94 per cent of which are foreign nationals (Qsa.gov.qa., 2014). Of this 94 per cent the majority is low-paid migrant workers. This number is expected to rise significantly in the coming years primarily due to the coming 2020 World Cup and the need for an influx of foreign labour for the booming construction requirement associated with it (Qsa.gov.qa., 2014). These migrant workers will primarily work on critical construction projects, drastically increasing the need for an effective safety program to be in place. The country has grown in a record breaking manner in the last ten years, to become the world†™s highest per capita GDP National (Fromherz, 2013). This achievement is primarily based on the vast resources of oil and gas discovered in the country. As a consequence of this discovery, construction of mega production plants has been the main focus of development in the country. This level of construction indicates an influx of safety challenges requiring an up to date and efficient method of implementation. These projects have historically required vast numbers of multi-cultural and diverse workforces, coming from different parts of the world (Orr, 2008). This being the case there are many challenges and great difficulties in bringing about a consciousness of safe work practices and in instilling a positive safety culture (Fromherz, 2013). The recognition of the need for workplace safety publicly materialized in the work of Mr Heinrich, an Assistant Superintendent of the Engineering and Inspection Division of Travellers Insurance Company during the 1930’s and 1940â€⠄¢s (Heinrich, 1959). His position required an investigation into the high and rising rate of supervisor accident reports during the period .This report revolutionized the working world by concluding that 88% of industrial accidents were primarily caused by unsafe, possibly preventable acts (Heinrich, 1959). This transformative moment in safety strategy motivated an entire industry to introduce reform (Fogarty and Shaw, 2010). Prior to these period witnessed steadily decreasing standards of working conditions that led to the need to reform the system. Heinrich (1959) subsequently published his first book in 1931; Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach, laying out a more systematic approach to the study of accident data. This indication of a willingness to embrace change was tempered by the overwhelming capacity that big business interests had to keep costs low, creating a volatile safety environment. The modern era has maintained that safety is significant concern for companies, often requiring a considerable fraction of their overall revenue stream (Fromherz, 2013). This drive to increase performance and reduce injury has resulted in many companies showing excellent improvement in the area of safety performance, thereby reducing cost and increasing productivity. The rationale for this research rests on assessing the potential for improvement of HSE performance in the Oil and Gas sector, specifically in the Middle East; through a means of behavioural based safety. The intention of the study is to establish the appropriateness of this hypothesis, whether as a process to be used as a standalone mechanism, or additionally, for the augmentation of an existing HSE management system. Behaviour based safety concept, or BBS, has been considered in industry worldwide for around a decade as a means to achieve a positive safety culture and an improved organizational safety performance (Mohr, 2011). An organisation’s culture can be as influential in achieving good safety results as a safety management system. The positive or negative safety culture of an organisation is directly linked to human factors and the positive behaviour of its workforce (Mohr, 2011). According to Books (1999), the largest influences on safety culture are; 1) the style and management commitment; 2) the involvement of employees; 3)training and competence; 4)ability to communicate at all levels; 5) compliance with procedures; and 6)organisational learning. The current research has affiliation with an earlier study conducted as part of the Post Graduate Diploma award (Turner, 2013). The subject of the previous research was â€Å"Safety Culture or Climate: An Appraisal of Perceptions and Scale†. This research sought to measure the health and safety, culture and climate of the researcher’s employer organisation. In this case the researcher determined that there was evidence of a positive safety culture within the XXXX Group of companies. Howeve r, this research also illustrated that this positive safety culture has not entirely achieved the expected and desired outcome of zero harm to people. All these factors in themselves do not prevent injuries from continuing to occur within the organisation. The previous study and current research focuses on the Middle East region. In particular to the varying needs and challenges faced by operations based in the region; specifically those that require the engagement of personnel from a vast array of differing backgrounds and cultures and how the principles of behavioural based safety may effectively be used to influence this specific workgroup. To facilitate understanding, it is also important to outline the distinctiveness of the location, (Qatar), the demographics of the workgroup, and the difficulties and challenges related to the management of such a work group within a safe work environment. Based on the above reasoning this affords the researcher the ideal incentive to both add ress the topic as an area of research for the required dissertation element in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Postgraduate MSc Degree in Health, Safety & Risk Management and to make recommendations that will enable XXXX Group to continue its safety culture development journey; that is, towards a more safety aware, proactive and empowered workforce; ultimately leading to an overall improvement in the safety performance results attained1.2 Aims & ObjectivesThis dissertation research focuses on the potential for improvement of HSE performance in the Oil and Gas sector, specifically in the Middle East; through a means of behavioural based safety. It is evident from recent research that traditional methods of safety management, such as safety management systems and risk assessments, do not wholly protect employees from incidents and injuries, as such organisations are looking for an alternative approach to improve performance and eradicate injury from the workplace, there fore the aim of this project is The following aim has been developed in order to meet this goal of this research: Critically evaluate existing research into behavioural based health and safety strategies, programmes and model with a view to identify a best practice model for future implementation. Objectives: The objectives of the research are as follows: 1) To critically analyse available literature and research studies pertaining to behavioural based health and safety. 2) To ascertain employee perceptions. 3) To identify best practices and success rates of behavioural based safety programmes. 4) To evaluate performance improvement. 5) Determine an appropriate behavioural approach for Labour safety in Qatar. 1.3 Research Questions In order to fully develop this dissertation the following questions will be considered by this research: 1) What is behavioural based safety and how does it impact Qatar? 2) Which elements of the behavioural based safety process are suited for Qatar? 3) What is the best method of behavioural based safety implementation for Qatar? 4) How to assess behavioural based safety effectiveness in the workplace?1.4 Scope of this researchThis research examines safety perception and behavioural application from 2000 until 2014 in order to ascertain the best possible elemen ts for future implementation. With a national focus on Qatar this research incorporates studies conducted in similar environments and conditions internationally in order to gain insight for these research objectives.1.5 Structure of the DissertationThis dissertation will consist of an Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology and Analysis, followed by Discussion/Conclusion. 2 Literature review 2.1 Overview â€Å"BBS is about everyone’s behaviour, not just the frontline† (Agnew & Ashworth, 2012:1). 3 Methodology / Analysis 4 Discussion/Conclusion 5 References Agnew, J. 2012. Behaviour based Safety. Performance management magazine, 1 (1), p. 1. Books, H. 2009. Reducing error and influencing behaviour. New York, NY. Fogarty, G. J. and Shaw, A. 2010. Safety climate and the Theory of Planned Behaviour: Towards the prediction of unsafe behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42 (5), pp. 1455–1459. Fromherz, A. J. 2013. Qatar: Politics and the Challenges of Development by Matthew Gray (review). The Middle East Journal, 67 (4), pp. 649–651. Greene-Roesel, R., Washington, S., Weir, M., Bhatia, R., Hague, M., Wimple, B. 2013. Benefit cost analysis applied to behavioural and engineering safety countermeasures in San Francisco, California. Heinrich, H. W. 1959. Industrial accident prevention. New York: McGraw-Hill. Santos-Reyes, J. and Beard, A. N. 2002. Assessing safety management systems. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15 (2), pp. 77–95. Lebbon, A., Sigurdsson, S. O. and Austin, J. 2012. Behavioural Safety in the Food Services Industry: Challenges and Outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behaviour Management, 32 (1), pp. 44–57. Mehta, RK. & Agnew, MJ. 2013. Exertion-dependent effects of physical and mental workload on physiological outcomes and task performance. The IIE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(1), 3-5. Mohr, D. P. 2011. Fostering sustainable behaviour. Gabriola, B.C.: New Society Publishers. Orr, T. 2008. Qatar. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Qsa.gov.qa. 2014. . Welcome to Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics-Statistics sector website :.. [online] Available at: http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/index.htm [Accessed: 27 Mar 2014].